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Motion Controls

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Motion control is a part of robotics and functions to control the position and/or velocity of machines with a device, such as a hydraulic pump, a linear actuator, or an electric motor. A basic motion control system is made up of several components. The motion controller generates the set points and closes the position feedback loop. The drive, or amplifier, transforms the torque signal from the motion controller into a higher power electrical current. The hydraulic pump, air cylinder, linear actuator, or electric motor functions for output motion. The feedback sensor returns the motor position to the motion controller to close the position loop. There are also several mechanical components, which transform the motor’s motion into the desired motion. Some common functions of motion controls are velocity control, position control, and electronic gearing.

There are four main types of motion control: sequencing, speed control, point-to-point control, and incremental motion. Sequencing controls several operations so that they occur in a specific order. Speed control functions for machines running at various speeds and torques. Typically, the power sources for these types of processes are internal combustion engines, or electric, hydraulic, or pneumatic motors. Speed is then controlled either mechanically or electronically. Point-to-point motion control functions to keep something moving at a constant speed when going from one point to another. Speed and distance must both be controlled in these applications. Incremental motion control overcomes the disadvantages of point-to-point in that is provides precise position control with feedback. This provides greater accuracy and accounts for factors such as machine slippage, distortion, or other things that may prevent the motor from moving the load to the desired point.

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